Pletcher K. The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations...2010

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Pletcher K. The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations...2010

Textbook in PDF format The nature of the maiden voyage is deeply captivating. Though the oceans still hold vast opportunities for uncharted exploration, our land resources have been bravely explored and charted for hundreds of years. Very few places remain mysterious and untamable to man, and this transformation is due to imaginative and fearless explorers. Readers will devour these tales of explorers who have pushed geographic and personal boundaries, leaving virtually no corner of the globe off limits. Introduction. Early explorers. Exploration of the Atlantic Coastlines. Hanno. Pytheas. Erik the Red. Lief Eriksson the Lucky. Vinland. Persian and Roman Explorations. Pillars of Heracles. East-West Contact in Eurasia. Travels of lbn Battiitah. Travels of Marco Polo. Silk Road. Zheng He. The age of discovery. The Sea Route. East by South to Cathay. Bartolomeu Dias and the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama and the Route to India. The First Vovage. The Second Voyage. The Third Voyage. Columbus’s Vovages to the New World. Prepaiation for the First Voyage. The First Voyage. The Second and Third Voyages. The Fourth Voyage and Final Years. Columbus's Journals. Vespucci’s Travels to South America. Vespucci’s Namesake. Magellan and the Circumnavigation of the Earth. Allegiance to Spain. Discovery of the Strait of Magellan. Circumnavigation of the Globe Strait of Magellan. Colonial exploration of the new world. Spain: The Conquests. Balboa Reaches the Pacific. Cortes and the Conquest of the Aztecs. Chocolate. Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of the Incas. Francisco de Orellana De Soto and the Discovery of the Mississippi River. Coronado’s Expeditions in Southwestern North America. Juan Ponce de Leon: Florida and the Fountain of Youth. St. Augustine. France in North America. Verrazzano’s Exploration of the Eastern Coast. Cartier’s Exploration of the St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence River and Seaway. Samuel de Champlain. Quebec. La Salle’s Exploration of the Interior. Jolliet and Marquette. Journeys of Inquiry. Tasmans Discoveries in the South Pacific. Dutch East India Company. Drake’s Circumnavigation. Drake Passage. La Perouse and Dumont D’Urville’s Explorations of the Pacific. La Perouse Strait. Voyages of James Cook. Early Career. Voyages and Discoveries. Georg Forster. Humboldt’s Exploration of South America. Peru Current. Into the Heart of Africa. Livingstone’s Journeys into the Continental Centre. Stanley’s Explorations. Victoria Falls. Ituri Forest. Richard Burton and the Source of the Nile. Lake Victoria. Arctic exploration. English and Dutch Exploration of the Eurasian Arctic. Hudson’s Expeditions. The Search for the Northeast Passage. The Voyage to Hudson Bay. Early Russian Exploration. Conquest of the Northeast Passage. The Northwest Passage. 19th Century Attempts at the Passage. Traverses of the Northwest Passage Since 1900. The North Pole. The Fram Expedition. Fridtjof Nansen. The Race for the Pole. Matthew Henson. Nautilus and Skate. Scientific Exploration Svalbard. The Russian Arctic Greenland. The North American Arctic The Arctic Ocean. Exploration of Antarctica. Voyages of Bellingshausen, Bransfield, and Palmer. Palmer Land Voyages of Dumont d’Urville, Wilkes, and Ross. Ross Ice Shelf. The “Heroic Age” of Exploration. Discovery of the Antarctic Poles South Pole. Shackleton and Scott’s Ill-Fated Attempts. Amundsen’s Successful Expedition. Exploration Since 1920. Ann Bancroft. Technological Advancements in Exploration Little America. National Rivalries and Claims Scientific Exploration. The Development of the IGY Post-IGY Research. The quest for Everest. Early Expeditions Attempt of 1922. Attempt of 1924. Attempt of 1933. Reconnaissance of 1935. Attempts of 1936 and 1938. Royal Geographical Society. Golden Age of Everest Climbs. Spring Attempt of 1952. Autumn Attempt of 1952. The Historic Ascent of 1953 Everest-Lhotse,1956. Attempts of 1960. The U.S. Ascent of 1963. The Indian Ascent of 1965. Developments 1965 to 1980. The Southwest Pace. The First Ascent by a Woman. The West Ridge Direct Ascent Climbing Without Supplemental Oxygen. The North Approach The 1980s. First Solo Climb. Further Exploration from Tibet. Developments in Nepal. The End of an Era Notable Climbers. George Mallory. John Hunt. Edmund Hillary. Tenzing Norgay. Reinhold Messner. Reaching for great heights and depths. Auguste Piccard and Early Ascents into the Stratosphere. Subsequent Stratospheric. Flights Superpressure Balloons. Introduction of the Bathysphere. William Beebe Auguste Piccard and the Development of the Bathyscaphe. Jacques Piccard and the Mesoscaphe Mariana Trench. Notable Archaeological finds. Pompeii History. History of Excavations. Description of the Remains Influence on European Culture. Importance as Historical Source. Giuseppe Fiorelli Troy. Geography Archaeology Heinrich Schliemann. Wilhelm Dorpfeld Knossos History. Palace of Minos Sir Arthur Evans. Machu Picchu. Site and Excavation. Architecture and Tourism. Hiram Bingham Valley of the Kangs and Tutankhamen Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamen and His Tomb. Howard Carter. Easter Island Archaeology. Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon-Tiki. Olduvai Gorge The Fossil Beds. The Leakey Family. National Geographic Society. Glossary. For Further Reading. Index